Effects of H-1B Visa Program on Employment and Wage in the United States Essay Example for Free

Effects of H-1B Visa Program on Employment and Wage in the United States Essay The United States is the most powerful country in the world. Its dominant culture, military, and economy make it the most influential nation across the globe. The power of the US doesnt only come from its native citizens but also from the foreigners who come to its shores every day to work and live there. These people play a very significant role in driving the US economy. A number of national programs have been developed in order to influence the influx of these people into the US. One of those programs is called the H-1B visa program. The program, which allows foreigners to work in the US, has critical effects on various sectors of American society, but especially the economy. Based on the data that have been so far collected, it is clear that the H-1B visa program, in terms of employment in the technology sector, is important in maintaining the status of the country as a leader in science and technology. However, the H-1B visa program may also have negative effects on the wage of native citizens because they would have to compete with the low wages of foreign workers. Many companies in the US needed temporary workers, so the H1 category of non-immigrants was created under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. Unlike immigrants, non-immigrants only stay in the US temporarily to accomplish a specific purpose, for instance, education or work. The current H1-B visa program of the United States was created through the Immigration Act of 1990 and the amendment of the 1952 act. The result of the amendment was a program that allows an employer to temporarily hire a foreigner to work in the US provided that hes under the category of non-immigrants. Also, the worker must have a specialty occupation or be a fashion model with exceptional ability and merit. The law describes a â€Å"specialty occupation† as something that requires theoretical and practical application of a specialized body of knowledge. The worker must also have a bachelors degree or the equivalent in specialties such as business, biotechnology, education, health care, medicine, and sciences. The H1-B program currently limits the number of foreign nonimmigrant workers in the US to 65,000 per year (Bartik et al. 134). H-1Bs cap has not always remained the same, however. Congress increased it to 115,000 in 1998 for fiscal years 1999 and 2000. Then in 2000, Congress increased it even further to 195,000 for the 2001 fiscal year. It was maintained during 2002 and 2003, and was slashed to 65,000 again from 2004 onward. Not all foreign workers are affected by the cap, however. The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 states that foreign workers employed by institutions of government research organizations, institutions of higher education and NGOs are exempt from the cap. Also, a separate cap of 20,000 exists on petitions that are filed on behalf of foreigners with masters or higher degrees earned in the US (Bartik et al. 135). Recently, lobbyists composed of universities and members of the technology industry are pushing for a huge increase in the annual cap of H-1B visas. They argue that H-1B visas otherwise known as â€Å"guest worker visas† serve a crucial role in driving the economy, especially in the high technology sector. According to them, there is a systemic shortage of American engineers and scientists in the country. There is a very high demand domestically for these highly skilled workers and the small supply cannot fill that gap. The only way to solve this problem therefore is through the import of foreign workers through the H-1B visa program (Hira et al. 150). These lobbyists argue that they will be forced to resort to outsourcing jobs to foreign engineers and scientists in their home countries if the H-1B cap is not increased. They also claim that the visa program actually serves as a tool for the country to gather the best and the brightest highly skilled workers in the world. This is supposedly a result that is to be expected if the cap on the H-1B visa program is increased (Hira et al. 150). There are many evidences for the advantages brought about by hiring foreign workers in the technology sector. For example, a 2008 study by the National Research Council looked at the effects of hiring H-1B workers by large US companies Texas Instruments, Qualcomm, Motorola/Freescale, Intel, and IBM. Of the five companies, IBM employed the most number of H-1B workers, granting almost 4,000 in five years. Most applications in the company stated a range of earnings of about $82,072. This was considerably bigger than the other four companies average minimum earnings. The researchers thought that the applications were for jobs that were not chip-related since IBM had become a software company from a hardware company (National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering 152). It is clear from the example above that foreign workers in the technology sector do indeed get attracted to the United States through H-1B visas. IBM was hiring more foreign workers than anybody else in the group, and these people were earning higher. However, there are still many â€Å"experts† that love to criticize the H-1B visa program. John McCain and Edward Kennedy defended the H-1B visa program in 2006. The two senators supported the immigration bill that passed the Senate and insisted that their bill required employers to search for workers in the US first. However, their bill actually didnt have any of these provisions (Hira et al. 152). Indeed, its a common misconception that the current law instructs US companies to look for workers in the US first. Many government officials also have this incorrect belief. Senator Norman Coleman, for example, says that he supports the issuance of H-1B visas as long as a number of conditions are met. One, the employer must show that there is not enough US workers qualified for the position; two, that the employer has not laid off a US worker 90 days before or after hiring a foreign worker; three, the employer must demonstrate that they tried to hire US workers before foreign workers; and finally, that the recruitment of H-1B workers will not have adverse effects on the waves, working conditions, and job opportunities of US workers. Even then Senator Barack Obama thinks that the H-1B policy aims to exhaust all means of recruiting US workers before foreign workers. He believed that hiring H1-B workers should be a last recourse for American employers (Hira et al. 152). The truth is however, that the provisions mentioned by the two people above actually dont exist for the majority of employers who use the H-1B visa program. Even Obamas wish that employers should hire foreign workers as a last option is not practiced in the real world (Hira et al. 152). Also, according to market indicators, there is not enough evidence of a systemic shortage of resident engineers and scientists in the US, one of the main arguments of lobbyists for the increase in H-1B cap. Also, earnings and wage growth have been moderate and more or less the same as other professions. The unemployment rate, while it sharply increased during the dot-com bubble, has now fallen. Researchers have also supported the idea that there is little evidence of shortage in high technology jobs. Private surveys and public data are also conflicting when it comes to determining shortages. Trade surveys show there are indeed shortages, but public data indicate the opposite (Bartik et al. 137). Determining shortages in scientists and engineers is a real problem because any increase in the number of H-1B visas issued by employers alone is not indicative of a systemic shortage. Other factors contribute to perceived shortages, for example, the growing significance of foreign students in American institutions. These are foreign students who remain in the United States after they graduate to convert their student visa to a working visa. Other equally important factors include: economic growth, cyclical demand in IT industries, especially during the 1990s, and even backlogs in the application process for permanent visa. Employers today are constantly hiring H-1B workers, but that is clearly not enough reason to increase the cap on H-1B visas. Aside from the effects it will have on the wages and earnings of American workers, the increased cap will create some problems in the permanent residency part of immigration because there are already backlogs there (Bartik et al. 137). The influx of H-1B workers into the United States has been going on vigorously since the 1990s. During that time, about 30 million people were able to stay in America through nonimmigrant admissions. The fastest growing nonimmigrant admissions fall under categories where a foreigner first applies as a temporary foreign worker or student. He then tries to find a US sponsor to able to obtain the immigrant visa. Between 1992 and 1998, the number of foreign students admitted into the country with F1 visas rose from 53% to 565,00. The number of trainers and temporary workers also increased from 128% to 372,000 during that period of time (OECD 35).

The Unjust Deportation of Cambodian Refugees Essay -- Argument Argumen

The Unjust Deportation of Cambodian Refugees A policy that has made it possible for the deportation of refugees back to their homeland has already affected 1,400 Cambodians. As a result of the Illegal Immigration and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, non-citizens of the United States who have been convicted of certain crimes are being targeted for deportation. The U.S. Committee for Refugees states that this harsh law has made it easy for the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the U.S. government agency that enforces our immigration laws, to detain and deport legal immigrants who have committed crimes. Since 1996, the INS has been required to detain and deport any immigrant who is convicted of an â€Å"aggravated felony,† which includes such crimes as DUI’s, possession of marijuana, minor assaults, shoplifting, joyriding, and even writing a bad check. Any convicted Cambodian may be detained in INS up to 6 months by law. Although they have already served time for these past convictions, Cambodian i mmigrants still face possible deportation as part of their punishment. ...

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Paper Essay

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles In a world of finances, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles seem to play a huge role. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, is defined as the set of guidelines and rules which the financial firms adhere in their work. GAAP is useful due to the nature of being able to standardize the methods for the organizations to follow, and it establishes consistency from year to year in documents such as financial statements (Cleverly, Song & Cleverly, 2011). Healthcare is inevitably a business like any other according to the authors, and such healthcare organizations are sure to benefit from GAAP. Cleverly et al (2011), attempts to teach the reader the five of the principles in their work. They are as follows; Accounting Entity, Money Measurement, Duality, Cost Valuation, and Stable Monetary Unit. To apply these essential principles to healthcare organizational settings, it is important to study how each of the principles are defined. Principle 1: Accounting Entity It is stated that accounting entity is an organization which is involved in economic activities with own assets and resources which should be accounted (Cleverly, Song & Cleverly, 2011). The authors also state that if the definition is not properly determined, evaluations might become even useless and misleading. Legal entity and accounting entity are different. This means that sometimes it is not apparent for the firms define the accounting entity, as other groups such as universities and government might be involved with the organization as well. Cleverly et al (2011) gives a great example of what could happen if not all aspects are accounted for. In healthcare organizations, the idea of fringe benefits such as bonus wages being paid in municipal basis might not be visible to the hospital’s accounts. This could possibly cause understatement of the expenses, which could affect the finances of the hospital as a whole. Principle 2: Money Measurement Measurement of money is not an easy task in a business setting. There are  resources essential for running a business and other economic obligations the business has to provide and meet. This could be applied in the same way for healthcare organizations. Assets are usually greater than the liabilities (Cleverly et al, 2011). Liabilities are resources from another entity such as bank loans. With the presence of liabilities, owner’s interests are gained to the entity which provided the loans. When the firms take these elements into account, they should acquire a general idea of the accounting entity’s assets and how they are utilized. When the liabilities are unpaid, then the lenders would then make the equity claims, unless the organization was a non-for profit healthcare organization. There are no equity claims for non-profit HCOs, and they just becomes the property of the state (Cleverly et al, 2011). Principle 3: Duality Duality is defined as a simple equation. Assets of the business should equal the liabilities owed plus the net assets. Liabilities and net assets are always counted as assets. It is state that a significant number of HCOs use this principle with different transactions with lenders. Individual asset, liability and net asset always equals the same amount through the duality principle(Cleverly et al, 2011). Principle 4: Cost Valuation This principle is used to estimate the value of the business. It involves historical cost, replacement value, and the market value. Although the asset is considered equal to the liabilities and the net assets, its market value is a different story. If the cost of investment is more than the return, interventions need to be made to either sell the assets or continue operation with resource cuts in the operation. Replacement cost would play a huge role in a hospital where the new and better information technologies are being developed constantly. It is likely for the hospital a significant more money to replace the current technology being used and inflation. Principle 5: Stable Monetary unit According to the authors Celverly et al (2011), stable monetary unit is the generalized value of a dollar whether it was now or then. For example, the dollar from 2000 would be considered the same value as the current dollar. This however, could cause problems due to inflation. Healthcare  organizations could put themselves at significant cash deficit if the management does that put the inflation into account. Healthcare whether it is for profit or not, is still considered a business. Although non-profit HCOs are different at times, the HCOs still require resources, and â€Å"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles assists† the HCOs to stay consistent and allows the managements to see the assets as a whole. References Cleverly, W. O., Song, P. H., & Cleverly, J. O. (2011). Essentials of health care finance (7th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning..

Abortion - A Heartless Murder or A Method of Birth Control - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1645 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Birth Control Essay Did you like this example? The most head spinning question that could exist in this world is should abortion be legal or illegal, is it the moral action to take or is it immoral? Abortion is a massive debate between politicians who are Republicans and Democrats. This bring us to todays most controversial question is abortion a heartless murder or a method of birth control? Abortion should never be a method of birth control because it is dealing with a living human life. It is extremely heartless and immoral to end a life just for the carelessness of others. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Abortion A Heartless Murder or A Method of Birth Control" essay for you Create order A life should not be in the hands of a human for many factors. There a many solution for someone who does not want to raise their baby and also methods to prevent pregnancies. These solutions are Putting the child up for adoption or become a surrogate for couples who want a family but cannot due to medical reasons, take birth control, vasectomies, be cautious when going out, and abstinence or outer course. Abortion isnt humane and dangerous to the baby and the woman who is going to carry the baby. Adoption or Become a Surrogate for Couples Adoption homes are a great way of reducing the abortion rates around the country because its considered humane and morally correct rather than ending a life. Women who cannot parent a child because they are not ready or are not financially secure to sustain a proper living should take their child to a foster home or a facility that will put your children up for adoption. Putting a child up for adoption is the best option and shows great consideration for the child. There are 18,000 domestic infant adoptions that occur in year, which means there is going to a place for the child. There are different types of adoption options that a woman must elect for their child to be placed up for it. The three kinds of adoption relationships: open, semi-open, and closed, open adoption is the option of continuing an ongoing relationship with the adoptive family and the baby, exchanging information on each other. On the other hand, a close relationship refers to not having any contact or exchanging of information with the adoptive family or the baby. Semi close falls has the benefit of both which include some contact and also have a private life. It usually use to be close adoption, however since it is more beneficial for the kid to grow up knowing who their birth mother are. Planned Parenthood reported that from 2015 to 2016, they performed 321,384 abortions and only 3,889 adoption referrals. That equals just 1 adoption for every 149 abortions, we clearly see that women prefer to abort rather than keep the babies until adoptions. Women across the country have this mindset that abortion is the better route because it is less costly, it is fast and no one will ever know they were pregnant, and they would not ruin their physical looks by having a baby. What they do not know that adoption is completely free rather than Abortion costs range from hundreds to thousands of dollars, depending on your provider and your stage of pregnancy. Adoption is strictly confidential no one will ever know that because there are adoption specialist who help maintain your pregnancy as private as possible. When a woman decides to go through with this process, she is helping a family who cannot have a baby due to medical or other reasons. Those who put their child up for adoption can be also considered Surrogates. There are many benefits to giving a child to a family who will truly take care and love him/her, the child will experience a great childhood and it help women go through the difficult time of their life, without worrying about the well-being of the child because they will be in great hands. BIRTH CONTROLS There are eighteen forms of birth controls that almost one hundred percent effective. The most popular birth control is the pill, the pill must be taken on a regular schedule continuously. It has many benefits which provide women with regulated their menstrual cycle and prevent pregnancies that most likely end up in abortions. The most effective type of birth control for females are the birth control implant, IUD, birth control shots/ pills, birth control vaginal ring, and a birth control patch. These methods are all 90-100 percent effective according to a study by the National Health Service (NHS) and Planned Parenthood. The Nation Health Service reported that the contraceptive implant, Intrauterine system (IUS), and Intrauterine device (IUD) are all Long-active reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods and so not have use or take these methods regularly. There are 61 million U.S. women of reproductive age fifteen to forty-four. About 43 million of them (70%) are at risk of unintended pregnancy. It is important for young teens to learn about birth control at an early age, by the age of twelve their body are changing and developing. Not learning about these contraception methods early on in their lives will cause unwanted pregnancies hat most likely lead to abortions. Guttmacher Institute reported Couples who do not use any method of contraception have approximately an 85% chance of experiencing a pregnancy over the course of a year. The proportion of women at risk of unintended pregnancy who are not using a method is highest among those aged fifteen to nineteen (18%). Permanent Birth Control Many couples are in a committed relationship that do not want to have a family or child, there are permeant solutions to that issue. In many cases there are partners who only want to fend for each other and not have responsibility of a child, however they still be want to have sexual intercourse. Many mistakes can happen and can lead to unwanted pregnancies. Instead of not doing anything to prevent this issue, couples should undergo the safe procedure of getting a tubal ligation, and for the males vasectomies. Females would go through a sterilization procedure known as tubal ligation, this will result in severing and tying the fallopian tubes. The procedure would permanently prevent pregnancy, which means that women do not have worry about birth control methods. Vasectomies are for the males, vasectomy is surgical division or resection of all or part of the vas deferens usually to induce sterility. This procedure can be reversable in case they change their mind and want to start a fa mily. Cleveland Clinic did a study and explained that failure only occurred only happens approximately once in every 1,000 cases. Vasectomies are far less complicated and less painful than females getting a tubal ligation and can be reversed. It is easier for vasectomy to be reverse in the first ten years they have a higher successful rate. The Center of Male reproduction Medicine (CMRM) reported that Dr. Werthmans personal results to this date are an over 98% patency rate (sperm restored to the ejaculate), if sperm were present in the vasal fluid after surgery, it means that the patients are fertile again. Cautious When Going Out When going out many negative factors go with it as well, and we all should all be prepared for it. College is where most parties happen, parties have alcohol which is the main factor that results in rape. Once people are intoxicated it is difficult to use 100 percent of your brain like you would like too. However, drugs and alcohol result in rape and leads to pregnancies. There are people who drug others by slipping drugs into others drinks or intoxicating the victims to have their way with them. Although the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) states that the national rape-related pregnancy rate is 5.0%, which results in an estimated 32,101 pregnancies from rape each year. It is a very sensitive matter and difficult to report for the reason of rape victims do not want to come out and speak about their experiences. National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVR) surveyed student on campus and came up with the conclusion that Nearly two thirds of college students exp erience sexual harassment, 20% 25% of college women and 15% of college men are victims of forced sex during their time in college, and More than 90% of sexual assault victims on college campuses do not report the assault. Abstinence or Outer course One of the best and one hundred percent proof to avoid abortion and unwanted pregnancies is stay away from sexual intercourse. There is a difference from being abstinent and having outer course. The main difference is abstinence is straying away from all types of sexual interaction, on the other end of the spectrum, we have outer course. Outer course interaction is staying away from vaginal penetration but still engaging in other sexual acts such as oral and anal intercourse. There is other action that fall into the outer course category for example, kissing, massage, masturbating, dry humping (grinding), and talking about your fantasies. These methods are served to be one hundred percent effective and used as birth control because there is not anything inserting in the vaginal organ and prevents Sperm cells getting into the egg. Abortion is no laughing matter or a method of birth control because it deals with a human life. Birth control methods are objects that prevent pregnancies, not taking away a life of a living organism that is just here because of a lack of prevention from their carrier. There are various alternatives that does not make abortion an option. Putting the child up for adoption or become a surrogate for couples who want a family but cannot due to medical reasons, take birth control, vasectomies, be cautious when going out, and abstinence or outer course. There should not be any excuse to end a childs life when there are advances in todays medicine and birth controls, there are various organizations that help women who are not fit to become a mother but do not want an abortion.